Maharashtra’s genome sequencing surveillance has revealed the spread of multiple emerging Covid-19 subvariants — all belonging to the Omicron lineage. The latest sequencing data from 184 samples collected across 10 districts identified XFG as the dominant variant, followed by several others.
XFG Emerges as Dominant Strain
Among the 184 sequenced samples, XFG accounted for 84 cases, making it the most widespread subvariant in the state. In contrast, researchers found 38 unassigned variants, 34 cases of LF.7.9, 27 of JN.1, and a single case of NB.1.8.1, identified in a 29-year-old woman from Pune. Notably, nine samples from Mumbai tested positive for XFG, while three carried LF.7.9.
NB.1.8.1 Raises Concerns Over Future Surges
Though currently rare, NB.1.8.1 carries mutations that increase its binding affinity to ACE2 receptors and improve immune evasion. This combination raises the possibility that it could dominate future infection waves. ACE2 receptors serve as gateways for the virus to enter human cells, making this mutation particularly noteworthy.
Sequencing Efforts Uncover Regional Variant Trends
Dr Rajesh Karyakarte, Maharashtra’s genome sequencing coordinator at BJ Medical College, explained that sequencing efforts began after NB.1.8.1 was linked to a Covid surge in Hong Kong. “We, along with NIV Pune and CSIR-NCL, detected a spike in SARS-CoV-2 signals. Whole genome sequencing revealed that XFG was the most prevalent variant in our samples, even though it wasn’t globally dominant at the time,” he stated.
He added that LF.7.9 also showed up in considerable numbers. “While NB.1.8.1 is more prevalent in Southeast Asia, XFG dominates in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh — possibly due to regional immunity differences. Interestingly, XFG cases have now started rising in the United States as well.”
Experts Describe XFG as Mild But Highly Transmissible
Dr Ameet Dravid, infectious disease specialist at Noble Hospital, pointed out that XFG resembles Omicron subvariants from the 2022 third wave. “Thanks to widespread natural immunity from previous infections, we are seeing fewer severe cases. XFG spreads easily due to its mutations, but it mainly causes upper respiratory tract symptoms. Most patients recover with outpatient care,” he noted.
He emphasized that very few cases progress to severe conditions like pneumonia or ARDS, unlike during earlier waves. “Despite low vaccination rates and waning immunity, hospital admissions remain minimal. Most patients improve with symptomatic treatment, including nasal decongestants, cough suppressants, and paracetamol.”
Hospital Trends Show Mild Cases But Steady Rise in Infections
As reported by TOI, hospitals across Maharashtra have reported a noticeable rise in Covid cases this week compared to previous weeks. Although deaths have occurred daily or every alternate day, nearly all were among individuals with pre-existing conditions. State health data shows 31 fatalities since January, 30 of which were linked to comorbidities.
Comorbidities Continue to Drive Severe Outcomes
Dr Piyush Chaudhary, infectious disease expert at Jehangir Hospital, explained that even mild variants can contribute to mortality if infections rise substantially. “XFG appears mild, but individuals with comorbidities — especially the elderly — remain vulnerable. Most ICU patients are not there for Covid complications but for other serious health issues,” he clarified.
He stressed the importance of distinguishing between deaths caused directly by Covid and those where comorbidities were the primary drivers. “Right now, it seems underlying conditions are responsible for most severe outcomes. However, rising case numbers — combined with low testing among mildly symptomatic individuals — suggest an increase in community transmission.”
Conclusion: Stay Vigilant Despite Mild Nature of Current Variants
While the current dominant variant XFG is causing mostly mild illness, the rising number of infections calls for continued vigilance — especially to protect vulnerable populations. Public health experts recommend monitoring symptoms closely, maintaining good hygiene practices, and staying updated with Covid-19 information as variants evolve.