Breast cancer detection has undergone a remarkable transformation—from traditional histopathology-based examinations to molecular precision diagnostics that enable earlier and more accurate detection. According to Ajay Kandhari, Managing Director of DSS Imagetech Pvt. Ltd., this evolution has revolutionized how clinicians identify, classify, and treat breast cancer, ultimately improving survival rates and patient outcomes.
Kandhari explains that the integration of AI-driven tools and advanced molecular methods has shifted diagnostics from merely identifying disease to predicting it. “Early detection now means more than finding a lump—it’s about detecting genetic and molecular changes long before symptoms appear,” he says.
The Early Days: Microscopes and Histopathology
In the 1950s, breast cancer diagnosis primarily relied on histopathology, where stained tissue samples were examined under a microscope to identify abnormal cells. While this method served as the foundation of cancer diagnostics, it lacked the precision to detect genetic or molecular alterations. Diagnosis was largely reactive, made only after visible symptoms or lumps had developed.
During this era, legacy medical technology companies began supplying microscopes in India for cancer detection. Over time, this expanded into a complete ecosystem for microscopy-based diagnostics, laying the groundwork for future innovation in pathology.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC): The Turning Point
The introduction of Immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the late 20th century marked a major milestone in breast cancer detection. IHC enabled clinicians to identify key protein markers such as ER (estrogen receptor), PR (progesterone receptor), and HER2, which not only improved diagnosis but also guided treatment decisions.
Kandhari notes that IHC formed the backbone of diagnosis, addressing nearly 80% of breast cancer cases, while the remaining 20% required confirmatory Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) testing. This advancement laid the foundation for personalized oncology, where therapies could be tailored to each patient’s unique tumor profile—ushering in the era of precision medicine.
FISH and Molecular Diagnostics: A Deeper Look into Cancer Biology
Following IHC, Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) emerged as a breakthrough technique in breast cancer diagnostics. By visualizing gene amplifications like HER2, FISH allowed clinicians to correlate cell morphology with genetic behavior, greatly improving diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning.
Soon, this was complemented by advanced molecular technologies such as:
*Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) – enabling rapid detection of genetic mutations.
*MLPA/digitalMLPA (Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification) – enhancing detection of gene copy variations.
*Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) – identifying mutations in genes like BRCA1, BRCA2, and TP53, crucial for assessing hereditary cancer risk.
These tools have empowered oncologists to detect predispositions early, enabling preventive interventions and targeted therapies.
Genetic Awareness and Global Advocacy
The importance of hereditary screening gained global attention when actor Angelina Jolie publicly revealed her decision to undergo preventive surgery after discovering she carried a faulty BRCA1 gene, significantly increasing her risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Kandhari points out that this case became a turning point in public awareness, encouraging millions of women worldwide to consider genetic testing and proactive screening.
Empowering the Medical Community Through Training and Knowledge
A critical factor in reducing global breast cancer mortality has been continuous knowledge sharing through training programmes and workshops. These initiatives have helped clinicians understand disease mechanisms better and adopt the latest diagnostic advancements effectively.
India’s Challenge: Awareness and Early Screening
Despite technological progress, Kandhari emphasizes that limited awareness and delayed medical attention remain major challenges in India. Many individuals still avoid or postpone routine health check-ups, often seeking help only after symptoms appear.
“While awareness has grown, the sheer size of our population and rising breast cancer incidence demand stronger focus on preventive healthcare and early diagnosis,” Kandhari stresses. He adds that observances like ‘Breast Cancer Awareness Month’ in October play a vital role in breaking taboos, encouraging screening, and saving lives through timely detection.
Toward a Future of Predictive and Preventive Oncology
As reported by pharmabiz.com, as breast cancer diagnostics continue to evolve, the fusion of AI, molecular testing, and data-driven pathology is bringing healthcare closer to predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine. Kandhari concludes, “With advanced technologies and growing awareness, India stands at the threshold of a new era in breast cancer care—one where early detection, genetic understanding, and precision treatment come together to save more lives.”