Extreme heat is emerging as a growing health concern for pregnant women and newborns. Prolonged exposure to high temperatures can place additional strain on the body, increasing the risk of dehydration, heat exhaustion and pregnancy-related complications. Since pregnancy increases the body’s blood volume and metabolic demands, women may find it harder to regulate their body temperature during periods of extreme heat. As temperatures continue to rise across India, healthcare professionals are urging pregnant women to take extra precautions to protect their health and their babies.
A new global survey of 1,000 maternal and newborn healthcare professionals across India, Australia, Brazil, the UK and Zimbabwe found that 73% had observed an increase in heat-related pregnancy complications over the past five years. In addition, 76% reported an increase in heat-related concerns affecting foetal or newborn health. These findings highlight the need for greater awareness and preventive care during periods of extreme heat.
How Does Extreme Heat Affect Pregnant Women?
Pregnancy brings several physiological changes, including increased blood volume and metabolic demands. Consequently, the body must work harder to maintain a normal temperature when the surrounding environment becomes hotter. This can increase the risk of dehydration, dizziness, fatigue and other heat-related symptoms.
Dr. Shifa Panwala, Gynaecologist, Apollo Spectra Hospital, Mumbai, explained, “Pregnancy can lead to many changes in the body, along with an increase in blood volume and metabolic demands. So, when the temperature rises, the body has to work harder to maintain its normal temperature. This can lead to dehydration, dizziness, fatigue, and high blood pressure. And in some women, mainly those with existing risk factors, severe heat stress can cause pregnancy complications such as pre-eclampsia.” Furthermore, prolonged outdoor activity, excessive sweating, inadequate fluid intake and exposure to hot or poorly ventilated environments can increase the risk of heat exhaustion. Pregnant women may also feel hotter and become dehydrated more quickly, making it essential to recognise early warning signs.
Warning Signs of Heat Exhaustion During Pregnancy
Pregnant women should not ignore symptoms that may indicate dehydration or heat-related illness. These include:
Severe dizziness or weakness
Headache or nausea
Excessive sweating
Fainting or confusion
Very dark urine or reduced urination
If these symptoms occur, the woman should move to a cooler environment, drink fluids if she is fully alert and able to swallow, and seek prompt medical advice. Fainting, confusion or severe symptoms require urgent medical attention.
How Can Extreme Heat Affect Foetal and Newborn Health?
Extreme heat can also affect the health of the developing baby. Maternal dehydration and heat stress may affect circulation and overall pregnancy health. Research has associated exposure to high temperatures during pregnancy with an increased risk of adverse outcomes, including preterm birth and low birth weight.
Dr. Priyanka Sonawane, Consultant, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Zynova Shalby Hospital, Mumbai, said, “Extreme heat can also take a toll on the baby’s well-being. Understand that dehydration and maternal heat stress can impact circulation and overall pregnancy health. Heat exposure can lead to outcomes such as preterm birth and low birth weight in some women. Pregnant women with high-risk pregnancies, such as hypertension, may need additional precautions. Regular antenatal check-ups become especially important during periods of extreme heat so that maternal blood pressure, fetal growth, and overall well-being can be monitored by the doctor.” Therefore, pregnant women should continue attending their scheduled antenatal appointments, particularly during heatwaves. Women with high-risk pregnancies or conditions such as hypertension should discuss additional precautions with their healthcare providers.
Tips to Protect Pregnant Women from Extreme Heat
Simple precautions can help pregnant women reduce heat exposure and maintain hydration during hot weather. Dr. Sonawane recommends drinking fluids regularly rather than waiting until thirst develops. She also advises avoiding outdoor activities during the hottest part of the day.
Key precautions include:
Stay hydrated: Drink water and other recommended fluids regularly throughout the day.
Avoid peak afternoon heat: Schedule walks and essential outdoor activities for the early morning or evening when temperatures are lower.
Wear breathable clothing: Choose loose-fitting, lightweight clothes to help the body stay cool.
Eat balanced meals: Include fresh fruits, vegetables and nutritious foods to support hydration and overall health.
Rest in cool surroundings: Use fans or air-conditioning where available, take cool showers and spend time in shaded, well-ventilated spaces.
Attend regular check-ups: Follow medical advice and keep antenatal appointments to monitor maternal and foetal health.
“ It is necessary for pregnant women to drink fluids regularly. Don’t wait till you feel thirsty; don’t do any outdoor activities during the afternoon when there is extreme heat. Try to go for a walk early in the morning or in the evening. Make sure to wear loose, breathable clothing. Fresh fruits, vegetables and balanced meals can support hydration and nutrition. Adequate rest, cool showers, fans or air-conditioning where available and spending time in well-ventilated or cooler spaces can also help,” said Dr. Sonawane.
Prioritising Maternal Health During Heatwaves
As extreme heat becomes a growing public health concern, protecting pregnant women and newborns requires awareness, preventive measures and timely medical care. As per the press release, by staying hydrated, limiting exposure to high temperatures, recognising warning signs and attending regular antenatal check-ups, pregnant women can take important steps to safeguard their well-being and support a healthier pregnancy.